amnesty international

Amnesty International (or AI) is an international non-governmental organization that works to promote all the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international standards. In particular, Amnesty International campaigns to free all prisoners of conscience; ensure fair and prompt trials for political prisoners; abolish the death penalty, torture, and other cruel treatment of prisoners; end political killings and forced disappearances; and oppose all human rights abuses, whether by governments or by opposition groups.

Amnesty_Logo.gif , editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on May 28, published Benenson's article entitled The Forgotten Prisoners that asked readers to write letters showing support for the students. The response was so overwhelming that within a year groups of letter writers had formed in more than a dozen countries, writing to defend victims of injustice wherever they might be. By mid-1962, Amnesty had groups working or forming in West Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, Canada, Ceylon, Greece, Australia, the United States, New Zealand, Ghana, Israel, Mexico, Argentina, Jamaica, Malaya, Congo (Brazzaville), Ethiopia, Nigeria, Burma, and India. Later in that year, a member of one of these groups, Diana Redhouse, designed Amnesty's Candle and Barbed-Wire logo.

In its early years, Amnesty focused only on articles 18 and 19 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights – those dealing with political prisoners. Over time, however, the organisation has expanded its mission to work for victims of some other categories of human rights violations, not just prisoners of conscience. In 2000 alone, AI worked on behalf of 3,685 named individuals – and in over a third of those cases, an improvement in the prisoner's condition occurred. Today, there are upwards of 7,500 AI groups with around a million members operating in 162 countries and territories. Since AI was founded, it has worked to defend more than 44,600 prisoners in hundreds of countries.

In 1977 Amnesty won the Nobel Peace Prize for its work defending human rights around the world.

Goals and strategy

AI aims to maintain every human's basic rights as established under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. In accordance with this belief, Amnesty works to:

- Free all Prisoners of Conscience (a "POC" is a person imprisoned for the peaceful exercise of their beliefs, which differs somewhat from the typical use of the term political prisoner).
- Ensure fair and prompt trials.
- Abolish all forms of torture and ill-treatment of prisoners, including the use of the death penalty.
- End state-sanctioned terrorism, killings, and disappearances.
- Assist political asylum-seekers.
- Co-operate with organizations such as the United Nations who also seek to put an end to human rights abuses.
- Raise awareness about human rights abuses around the world.

To fulfil these goals, Amnesty operates as a vast lobby. When word is heard of a human rights abuse, Amnesty sends a team of researchers to thoroughly and impartially investigate the claim. If the claim is found to be legitimate, Amnesty publicizes its findings and mobilizes its members to act out against the abuse — by letter-writing (to various government officials), protesting, demonstrating, organizing fund-raisers, educating the public about the offense, or sometimes all of the above.

Amnesty works to combat individual offenses (e.g. one man imprisoned for distributing banned literature in Saudi Arabia) as well as more general policies (e.g. the policy of executing juvenile offenders in certain U.S. states). Amnesty works primarily on the local level, but after more than forty years and a Nobel Peace Prize, the respect it has earned is enough to give it a powerful voice on the larger scale.

Most AI members utilize letter-writing to get their message across. When the central Amnesty organization finds and validates instances of human rights abuse, they notify each of the local groups (more than
7,000, all told) as well as all independent members (300,000 in the US alone; over a million worldwide). Groups and members then respond by writing letters of protest and concern to a government official closely involved in the case, generally without mentioning Amnesty directly.

Amnesty follows a policy that, to maintain neutrality, members should not be active in issues in their own nation. This also helps to protect them from being mistreated by their own government, if it is itself abusive. This principle, called the own country rule, is also applied to researchers and campaigners working for the International Secretariat, to prevent coverage of a country being distorted by the author's domestic political loyalties.

Finances

Amnesty International is financed largely by subscriptions and donations from its worldwide membership, and except for a small core of paid directors, all of Amnesty's members, coordinators, organizers, and workers are volunteers.

Amnesty is a non-partisan organization and does not accept money donations from governments or governmental organizations. All of Amnesty's capital comes from the pockets of its members and donations from other non-partisan organizations. Amnesty's budget for the 2000 fiscal year was as follows:

Irene Khan 2003.jpg
- Membership Support: [[Pound Sterling|£]]2,486,700 (13%)
- Campaigning Activities: £1,811,200 (10%)
- Publications and Translation: £2,487,200 (13%)
- Research and Action: £5,065,100 (26%)
- Deconcentrated Offices: £1,246,300 (7%)
- Research and Action Support: £2,615,900 (14%)
- Administrative Costs: £3,247,200 (17%)
- Relief Payments: £125,000
- Total: £19,510,000

Organisation

The fact that Amnesty is composed of small autonomous groups loosely joined together by larger governing bodies makes explaining the structure of Amnesty's bureaucracy complex. On a national level, the membership directly elects (each group gets a vote; and each individual member gets a vote, regardless of age) prominent members to the 18-seat Board of Directors for a three-year term. The Board of Directors hires an Executive Director and a staff.

On a world-wide level, Amnesty is governed by the International Executive Council (IEC) – a board of eight members elected for two-year terms by the International Council Meeting, which is composed of delegates from each country's Board of Directors. The IEC then hires a Secretary General and an International Secretariat.

Amnesty members end each Annual General Meeting with a commemorative toast to freedom.

Criticism

Criticism of Amnesty International may be classified into two major categories, accusations of selection bias and ideological bias.

Some critics have noted that in nations that have relatively open and free societies, in which political opposition and freedom of speech are comparatively protected, AI has greater opportunity to compile and report on allegations of human rights abuse. In nations where international human rights monitors are completely banned, for example, or in which the press and individual speech critical of the government are nonexistent or heavily censored, it is relatively difficult for AI to report on the same. This potential tendency to over-report allegations of human rights abuse in nations that are comparatively lessor violators of human rights has been called "Moynihan's Law," after the late American Senator and former Ambassador to the United Nations Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who is said to have stated that at the United Nations, the number of complaints about a nation's violation of human rights is inversely proportional to their actual violation of human rights. Critics who allege AI suffers from this problem point out what they describe as a disproportionate focus on allegations of human rights violations in for example Israel, when compared with North Korea or Cambodia. One such example is the allegation of NGO Monitor, a publication of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, which noted that between 2001 and 2004 AI issued 52 reports on the human rights abuses in the Sudan, which has claimed tens of thousands of lives through starvation and ethnic violence, as well as creating 1.2 million refugees (according to the World Health Organization), while AI concurrently issued 192 reports on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[http://www.ngo-monitor.org/editions/v2n10/v2n10-4.htm]

Conservative commentators in various publications have alleged that AI's reporting reflects ideological bias toward a liberal political viewpoint in opposition to the foreign policy of the United States. To support this they point to AI's treatment of the human rights implications of the U.S.-led war in Iraq. Critics of AI have suggested that AI's concern for the human rights implications of this war disproportionately criticize the effects of U.S. military action while in comparison they were less vociferous about the abuses of the Hussein regime and the human rights implications of the continued rule of this government. Examples of this criticism can be found in the links below.

Amnesty is also heavily criticised from the far left for criticising Palestinian militant organisations for human rights abuses.

External links

- Amnesty International's website
- NGO Monitor's criticisms of Amnesty International
- Peter Benenson: The Forgotten Prisoners The Observer, May 28, 1961

- Anti-American bias at AI, article by Jonathan Last

- Timeline of AI press releases during Iraq war suggesting anti-American viewpoint of AI, by Christopher Archangelli

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "amnesty international".

amnesty

:For the human rights organization, see Amnesty International.

Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion) is an act of grace by which the supreme power in a state restores those who may have been guilty of any offence against it to the position of innocent persons. It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offence.

Amnesties, which, in the United Kingdom, may be granted by the crown alone, or by act of Parliament, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, that of Thrasybulus at Athens, the thirty tyrants and a few others were expressly excluded from its operation; and the amnesty proclaimed on the restoration of Charles II of England did not extend to those who had taken part in the execution of his father. Other celebrated amnesties are that proclaimed by Napoleon on March 13, 1815, from which thirteen eminent persons, including Talleyrand, were excepted; the Prussian amnesty of August 10, 1840; the general amnesty proclaimed by the emperor Franz Josef I of Austria in 1857; the general amnesty granted by President of the United States Andrew Johnson after the American Civil War in 1868; and the French amnesty of 1905. The last act of amnesty passed in Great Britain was that of 1747, which proclaimed a pardon to those who had taken part in the '45 Jacobite Rising.

Amnesty is sometimes now the term used to denote cases of pardon by a country where offenses are not stricken from the record and individuals proclaimed innocent. Instead, those individuals receive some lesser sentence in response to an admission of guilt.

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zh:特赦令

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "amnesty".